Racial inequalities (Controversial Subject) Essay

Racial imbalances (Controversial Subject) - Essay Example With regards to circumstances, Hispanic American residents get less benefit contrasted with their White partners. History could tell that all presidents barring the current organization were all White. This altogether infers contrasted with White Americans, Hispanic gathering would more averse to be given with trust and chance to lead the American individuals. The particular purpose of difference uncovers the sort of treatment given to both White and Hispanic Americans particularly when it seems to incorporate higher obligation and benefit. Truth be told, at the essential establishment of this all, apparently White adolescents are well on the way to get more noteworthy benefit and opportunity with regards to both instruction and wellbeing inclusion contrasted with their Hispanic youth partners (Flory, Edwards, and Christerson 1). Once more, this could lead somebody to believe that the significant complexity essentially lies at the center establishment of giving an excessive amount of significant worth, benefit and open door for the white race. White Americans are higher in populace contrasted with Hispanic gathering. Be that as it may, as expressed in measurements, the imprisonment pace of white guys falls just at 487 for every 100,000 US occupants, while for Hispanic guys 1,193 for each 100,000 US inhabitants (DeLisi and Conis 270). By taking a gander at these figures without inclination, it appears everything could be reasonable when it must be pronounced that Hispanic guys have increasingly number of vicious people contrasted with the white guys. In any case, these figures appear not proportionate whenever dependent on the genuine all out populace of each gathering. Along these lines, another huge point to consider is the likelihood of preferring equity for white Americans contrasted with Hispanic. The purpose of differentiation lies at how equity may be deciphered with respect to Hispanic gathering and white Americans. At last, it is a typical perception that Whites get more and even extraordinary consideration than Black or Latino partners. A particular report uncovers that American media most

Attitudes and Behaviors Essay

So let’s start by saying that perspectives have two fundamental segments those happen to be convictions and qualities. Convictions are articulations while values are decisions. With regards to influence an individual may have their own disposition and have it focus on so to talk onto someone else or a few others. We will in general utilize this every day for things that we need whether that be for ourselves or from others. With regards to similarity numerous people will change their practices to fit in with others that they include themselves with. This might imply that you could lose your own character and become somebody totally unique in relation to whom you genuinely are. With regards to predisposition we are completely wired to have decisions and bias ordinarily individuals will utilize this judgment and have a set demeanor on individuals, spots and things. No one but individuals can change their practices. Therapists characterize mentalities as an educated inclination to see things in specific manners. This can incorporate individuals. Spots, issues and occasions that happen in a person’s life. Mentalities structure from the encounters that you experience, they could coordinate from individual encounters or from the perception of others. Mentalities can be learned in a few distinct manners. Old style molding can affect your mentality to various items. Operant molding can likewise help in how mentalities are created. At the point when somebody you like has an alternate mentality your disposition more than likely will change to be equivalent to the next person. Scientists have reached the conviction and resolution that individuals carry on as per their mentalities under a great deal of conditions. Intellectual cacophony is the point at which an individual encounters, mental pressure brought about by clashes from considerations and convictions in a person’s regular daily existence whether that be from work, connections, cash issues. So as to restore control individuals regularly change their perspectives dependent on real practices. Mentalities can change simply like individuals can. You can turn your perspective around justâ like you can with numerous different things. Traditional molding can make positive passionate responses. Operant molding can be utilized to fortify perspectives and practices that you are missing or that are feeble. Individuals can likewise perceive how adverse individuals act and conclude that they don’t like to be as such and that can radically change a person’s mind on how they think. Life occasions, for example, passing, ailment, relationship loses and other significant things can cause an individual to acknowledge what they have and what they should be appreciative for yet in addition can assist them with understanding their idea designs were inaccurate and that they have to change that so as to have a superior life for themselves as well as the individuals that they partner themselves with. The hypothesis of influence says that individuals can adjust their own perspectives in two different ways. They can be roused to tune in and to consider what is being said to them which can make them open up to various thoughts and contemplations or they could essentially be impacted by acceptable constructive individuals that they are around every day. So as to change an individual s conduct you should change your point of view totally. http://www.examiner.com/article/predisposition mentality and-partiality http://www.cios.org/reference book/influence/Aintroduction_4nature.htm http://psychology.about.com/od/socialinfluence/f/conformity.htm

Fresh Ink September 23, 2014

Fresh Ink September 23, 2014 HARDCOVER RELEASES Afterworlds  by Scott Westerfeld (Simon Pulse) Darcy Patel has put college on hold to publish her teen novel, Afterworlds. With a contract in hand, she arrives in New York City with no apartment, no friends, and all the wrong clothes. But lucky for Darcy, she’s taken under the wings of other seasoned and fledgling writers who help her navigate the city and the world of writing and publishing. Over the course of a year, Darcy finishes her book, faces critique, and falls in love. Woven into Darcy’s personal story is her novel, Afterworlds, a suspenseful thriller about a teen who slips into the “Afterworld” to survive a terrorist attack. The Afterworld is a place between the living and the dead, and where many unsolvedâ€"and terrifyingâ€"stories need to be reconciled. Like Darcy, Lizzie too falls in love…until a new threat resurfaces, and her special gifts may not be enough to protect those she cares about most. Rooms by Lauren Oliver (Ecco) Wealthy Richard Walker has just died, leaving behind his country house full of rooms packed with the detritus of a lifetime. His estranged familyâ€"bitter ex-wife Caroline, troubled teenage son Trenton, and unforgiving daughter Minnaâ€"have arrived for their inheritance. But the Walkers are not alone. Prim Alice and the cynical Sandra, long dead former residents bound to the house, linger within its claustrophobic walls. Jostling for space, memory, and supremacy, they observe the family, trading barbs and reminiscences about their past lives. Though their voices cannot be heard, Alice and Sandra speak through the house itselfâ€"in the hiss of the radiator, a creak in the stairs, the dimming of a light bulb. The living and dead are each haunted by painful truths that will soon surface with explosive force. When a new ghost appears, and Trenton begins to communicate with her, the spirit and human worlds collideâ€"with cataclysmic results. Elegantly constructed and brilliantly paced, Rooms is an enticing and imaginative ghost story and a searing family drama that is as haunting as it is resonant. How to Build a Girl by Caitlin Moran (Harper) What do you do in your teenage years when you realize what your parents taught you wasn’t enough? You must go out and find books and poetry and pop songs and bad heroesâ€"and build yourself. It’s 1990. Johanna Morrigan, fourteen, has shamed herself so badly on local TV that she decides that there’s no point in being Johanna anymore and reinvents herself as Dolly Wildeâ€"fast-talking, hard-drinking Gothic hero and full-time Lady Sex Adventurer. She will save her poverty-stricken Bohemian family by becoming a writerâ€"like Jo in Little Women, or the Bröntesâ€"but without the dying young bit. By sixteen, she’s smoking cigarettes, getting drunk and working for a music paper. She’s writing pornographic letters to rock-stars, having all the kinds of sex with all kinds of men, and eviscerating bands in reviews of 600 words or less. But what happens when Johanna realizes she’s built Dolly with a fatal flaw? Is a box full of records, a wall full of posters, and a head full of paperbacks, enough to build a girl after all? A Slip of the Keyboard: Collected Nonfiction by Terry Pratchett (Doubleday) A Slip of the Keyboard is the first collection of Pratchett’s nonfiction work, and it brings together the finest examples of his extraordinary wit and his persuasive prose. Whether in short opinion pieces (on death and taxes), or in long essays, speeches, and interviews (covering a range of topics from mushrooms to orangutans), this collection is a fascinating look inside an extraordinary writer’s mind. It includes his remarks at science-fiction and fantasy conventions, his thoughts on the importance of banana daiquiris on book tours, his observations on fan mail, and his belief that an author is obligated to sign anything a fan puts in front of him (especially if it is very sharp). He also writes about the books that shaped his love of language and legends, not to mention his entrance into science-fiction fandom when he attended his first sci-fi convention as a teenager. Filled with all the humor and humanity that have made his novels so enduringly popular, this collection brings Pratchett out from behind the scenes of Discworld to speak for himselfâ€"man and boy, bibliophile and computer geek; a champion of hats, orangutans, and Dignity in Dying. With a foreword by Pratchett’s close friend and Good Omens coauthor Neil Gaiman to lead off, A Slip of the Keyboard is a must-have for any Pratchett fan. Bitter Greens by Kate Forsythe (Thomas Dunne Books) French novelist Charlotte-Rose de la Force has been banished from the court of Versailles by the Sun King, Louis XIV, after a series of scandalous love affairs. At the convent, she is comforted by an old nun, SÅ"ur Seraphina, who tells her the tale of a young girl who, a hundred years earlier, is sold by her parents for a handful of bitter greens After Margherita’s father steals parsley from the walled garden of the courtesan Selena Leonelli, he is threatened with having both hands cut off, unless he and his wife relinquish their precious little girl. Selena is the famous red-haired muse of the artist Tiziano, first painted by him in 1512 and still inspiring him at the time of his death. She is at the center of Renaissance life in Venice, a world of beauty and danger, seduction and betrayal, love and superstition. Locked away in a tower, Margherita sings in the hope that someone will hear her. One day, a young man does. Award-winning author Kate Forsyth braids together the stories of Margherita, Selena, and Charlotte-Rose, the woman who penned Rapunzel as we now know it, to create what is a sumptuous historical novel, an enchanting fairy tale retelling, and a loving tribute to the imagination of one remarkable woman. PAPERBACK RELEASES Under the Wide and Starry Sky by Nancy Horan (Ballantine Books) At the age of thirty-five, Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne has left her philandering husband in San Francisco to set sail for Belgiumâ€"with her three children and nanny in towâ€"to study art. It is a chance for this adventurous woman to start over, to make a better life for all of them, and to pursue her own desires.   Not long after her arrival, however, tragedy strikes, and Fanny and her children repair to a quiet artists’ colony in France where she can recuperate. Emerging from a deep sorrow, she meets a lively Scot, Robert Louis Stevenson, ten years her junior, who falls instantly in love with the earthy, independent, and opinionated “belle Americaine.” Fanny does not immediately take to the slender young lawyer who longs to devote his life to writingâ€"and who would eventually pen such classics as Treasure Island and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In time, though, she succumbs to Stevenson’s charms, and the two begin a fierce love affairâ€"marked by intense joy and harrowing darknessâ€"that spans the decades and the globe. The shared life of these two strong-willed individuals unfolds into an adventure as impassioned and unpredictable as any of Stevenson’s own unforgettable tales. An Age of License: A Travelogue by Lucy Knisley (Fantagraphics) Acclaimed cartoonist Lucy Knisley (French Milk, Relish) got an opportunity that most only dream of: a travel-expenses-paid trip to Europe/Scandinavia, thanks to a book tour. An Age of License is Knisley’s comics travel memoir recounting her charming (and romantic!) adventures. It’s punctuated by whimsical visual devices (such as a “new experiences” funnel); peppered with the cute cats she meets along the way; and, of course, features her hallmarkâ€"drawings and descriptions of food that will make your mouth water. But it’s not all kittens and raclette crepes: Knisley’s experiences are colored by anxieties, introspective self-inquiries, and quotidian revelationsâ€"about traveling alone in unfamiliar countries, and about her life and careerâ€"that many young adults will relate to. An Age of Licenseâ€"which takes its name from a French sayingâ€"is an Eat, Pray, Love for the alternative comics fan. The Hunting Gun Yasushi Inoue   The Hunting Gun follows the consequences of a tragic love affair. Told from the viewpoints of three different women, this is a story of the psychological impact of illicit love. First viewed through the eyes of Shoko, who learns of the affair through reading her mothers diary, then through the eyes of Midori, who had long known about the affair of her husband with Saiko, and finally through the eyes of Saiko herself. This novella is incredibly powerful, with universal resonance and a true modern classic of the 20th century. Horrorstor by Grady Henrix (Quirk Books) Something strange is happening at the Orsk furniture superstore in Cleveland, Ohio. Every morning, employees arrive to find broken Kjerring bookshelves, shattered Glans water goblets, and smashed Liripip wardrobes. Sales are down, security cameras reveal nothing, and store managers are panicking. To unravel the mystery, three employees volunteer to work a nine-hour dusk-till-dawn shift. In the dead of the night, they’ll patrol the empty showroom floor, investigate strange sights and sounds, and encounter horrors that defy the imagination. ____________________ Expand your literary horizons with New Books!, a weekly newsletter spotlighting 3-5 exciting new releases, hand-picked by our very own Liberty Hardy. Sign up now!

Ethical Issues for Advertising Tobacco Products Across

Ethical issues for advertising tobacco products across borders. A case for Social Contract Theory Question 1: How can SCT and ISCT address the controversial nature of advertising and promoting cigarettes across international borders? Base on the case study, The Social Contract Theory (SCT) generates a workable framework for solving ethical issues: * Sets main principles relevant to the organization in question * Recommends different principles for different communities * Determines the suitable marketing practices * Allows for theory of norms and values SCT captures two different types of social contracts- hypothetical and actual contracts used in living communities. It is the foundation of rules within communities with†¦show more content†¦Thus, Winfield has to concern the underage smoking to commit do not sell its products for the customers who are under 18 years old. Another example, from my own experience, when the customers purchase any beer or alcohol at the shops, club or bar, he customers have to show ID card to ensure that they are over 18 years old to buy these products. Question 3: In your opinion, does BAT pay sufficient attention to ethics when they market across national borders? From my opinion, BAT is not par sufficient attention to ethics when they market across national border, although BAT commit with the local countries to protect and follow the local community’s norms through SCT. Because BAT understood the risks and bad effects of tobacco when people smoke cigarettes that the reason why Australia and USA are countries which have strict policies to restrict tobacco’s promotion, advertisement and communication with public. BAT took advantages of loose rules in some developing Asia countries and Euro zone in terms of advertising and promoting cigarette in public to expand BAT’s marketing campaigns at these communities. The general trend in Asia and Euro zone will be similar with Australia and USA, BAT should maintain the way of marketing and communication in Euro and Asia countries as Australia and USA. Besides that, BAT can diversify their business in another way not only focusing on tobacco such as medicine field as producing nicot ine for analgesicsShow MoreRelatedTobacco And Its Effects On The United States1061 Words   |  5 PagesTobacco is the number one cause of preventable death in the United States. According to the American Lung Association in 2009, 20.6% of adults were current smokers. In 1970, the United States banned television and radio advertisements of cigarettes. Across the world countries battle similar issues in how to help prevent deaths, lower healthcare costs, and educate the population. Countries have banned advertising, posted health causes, renamed brands, and even included informational fliers inRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1349 Words   |  6 Pagesabout advertising ethics. Advertising is practically unavoidable in today s world, we see it in the streets, shops, magazines, television, on the internet, hear it on the radio. In this essay I will describe two ethical issues in advertising, show why business leaders need to remember to launch ethical campaigns and also have and look into some examples from the business world. To understand what ethical advertising is we must familiarise ourselves with the terms ethics and advertising. EthicsRead MoreEthical Guidelines For The Marketing Industry1562 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes down to ethical guidelines it is pertinent that every industry have them. However, when consumers think of the marketing industry, they tend to think those are the most unethical people participating in those jobs. 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The supporters made a strong argument on the financial contribution of the tobacco industry to the Indian economy, in that they showed that not only the profits made in tax were low, but the spending made on health as a result of smoking, surpassedRead MoreThe Government Of India s Ban Of Cigarette Advertisement At Sporting Events893 Words   |  4 PagesOrganization which documented that tobacco accounted for over 3 million deaths in 1990, the figure rising to 4.023 million deaths in 1998. It was estimated that tobacco related deaths would rise to 8.4 million in 2020 and to 10 million in about 2030. There was an increasing fear that tobacco companies were inducing children and young people to begin experimenting with tobacco products, and in this way initiate regular smoking, and lifelong consumers of tobacco. It was cited that RJ Reynolds Read MoreTobacco Companies Using Advertising Tactics That Target Teenagers1487 Words   |  6 PagesTobacco companies should be prevented from using advertising tactics that target teenagers. There has always been controversy as to how tobacco companies should prevent using advertising tactics to target teenagers. As controversial as this is tobacco companies shouldn’t advertise teen smoking. Many teens may be lured to believe cigarette advertising because it has been part of the American Culture for years, magazine ads and the media target young people, and these companies receive a drastic increaseRead MoreEffects of Banning Smoking Advertising Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Banning Smoking Advertising Cigarettes are some of the most abused drugs in the world and the effects associated with smoking have greatly influenced the intervention of health professionals concerning the legality of smoking advertisements. Ethical and legal issues have come up over the essence of restricting or completely banning cigarette advertising to reduce the number of affected individuals. Cigarettes have since time immemorial been established to cause a wide range of infectionsRead MoreBusiness Ethics And The Ethical Issues1461 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness ethics and the ethical issues in marketing Moral principles that guide the way a business behaves are known as business ethics. However this term has a broader definition. As the word ethics can pose many definitions in a broad context and it can be challenging to find a common understanding of the term, hence, most companies denote the concept of the term ethics as responsible business conduct, business practices or integrity. Business ethics offers a tool for conducting business more effectivelyRead MoreThe Philip Morris Tobacco Company Essay1887 Words   |  8 PagesPhillip Morris Phillip Morris The Philip Morris tobacco company started in 1847 on a small street in London (Sanders, Wisse, Van, 2015). One of the primary goals is to be a socially creditworthy company, at both local and global level. Consequently this is the reason Philip Morris had passion for social performance. They began as a very small family business specializing in hand rolled cigarettes. In 1902, the company moved to New York City and merged. Even though the company stayed small by 1960Read MoreTobacco Advertising Is Illegal but Alcohol Is Not. Is This Hypocritical?3161 Words   |  13 PagesCOMM 3P14 – Media Industries Tobacco Advertising is Illegal, but Advertising for Alcohol is not, Is This Hypocritical? Rebecca Stewart 4574927 Russell Johnston Seminar 3 November 11, 2012 Advertisements are a vital part of any company’s marketing strategy, and are used to inform or persuade an audience about a certain product or service. In fact, North American companies are among the world’s highest advertisers (Boone et al., 2010, 502). Today, an average consumer is exposed to hundreds

The Olympic Games During The Cold War - 1788 Words

The Olympic Games has been a lens through which to scrutinize the world’s political, social, and economic spectacles. It has seen tsarist autocracy, fascism, despotism, and the great associated movements of the political solidity and contrariety of communism and capitalism. During the Cold War, sport was a sphere in which the USSR and the West competed bitterly. Following World War II, the Soviet Union utilized the Olympics to assure the world of its superiority and to prove communism’s stability as a political ideology. Purportedly amateur, sport meant a lot to Soviet authorities, as did awards and gold medals. Athletes often spent most of their time training in world-class facilities, even though they were meant to be factory workers or army officers. From 1950 to 1980, the United States exploited the Games as a platform to undertake a propaganda operation against communism, releasing an abundance of material to promote American ideals. On February 22, 1980, in Lake Placid, New York at the XII Winter Olympics, one unlikely hockey game served as a catalyst for newfound patriotism in America and marked the commencement of a new era in Soviet and American Cold War politics. The tensions between the United States and the U.S.S.R following the 1980 Winter Olympics and the Miracle on Ice represent strong, unwavering surges of nationalism. By analyzing the story of how 20 men and a determined head coach shocked the world- through the words of those present and affected-Show MoreRelatedTo What Extent Were the Moscow Olympic Games of 1980 Affected by Cold War Tensions?1624 Words   |  7 Pagesto analyze extensively the role that Cold War tensions played in the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games. The analysis seeks to understand the effect that politics, have on the organization, implementation and eventually success of sporting events such as the Olympics. In order to do so, the analysis will address the events leading up to, during and after the Mosco w Olympic Games of 1980. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 will be addressed to help place the games into perspective. Also, exchanges betweenRead MoreThere Are Many Different Factors That Have Shaped And Contributed1531 Words   |  7 Pagesthat have shaped and contributed to the modern Olympic movements from 1892 to 2002. The original idea of the Olympics was to make an international community not through race but through sports. It was much like the war games that the Greek city-states had. The Greek had formed the games to promote unity throughout Greece. However, as time passed on world events such as women s suffrage movements and war such as the Cold War began to change the Olympics. Other factors such as global marketing and nationalismRead MoreOlympics And The Cold War1657 Words   |  7 PagesJulia Zucker Mr. Pai US History 13 May 2015 1980 Olympics and the Cold War The 1980 Olympics became a predominant point of contention in the on-going Cold War between the two superpowers; the United States and the Soviet Union. Jimmy Carter, the President of the United States, and Leonid Brezhev, head of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union were at odds and combative towards each other’s political demands. Both leaders were relentless in their pursuit of internal strategic bureaucraticRead MoreAP World History Olympics DBQ1181 Words   |  5 Pagesmodern Olympic movement has been shaped by many differentiating factors over the years. It has been altered by social, political, and economic factors. 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The 1980 Olympic hockey game between the US and theRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1073 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the 1970s, the Cold War had quieted down for a bit and there were even negotiations of peace talks. That all changed when the Soviet Union occupied Afghanistan in favor of the communist side while the USA were aiding the anti-communist side. Eventually America pulled out of Afghanistan and went home, but the tension that was there continued through the 1980 Olympic Games. The Soviet Union dominated in the sport of hockey for several years and won gold medals multiple times, but what satisfiedRead MoreHow One Remembers An Event994 Words   |  4 Pagesemotional state of the spectator; the larger socio-political context also has a part to play. The 2014 Sochi Winter Games are no exception to this theory, but a prime example of it. The Sochi games come, at least in this author’s mind as a dud. Yes, women were for the first time allowed to participate in the ski jump, and other athletes fulfilled their Olympic dream, but the Cold War â€Å"magic† was not there. The Western and Russian Media played their share, the United States and Russia are currentlyRead MoreThe Olympic Games: Faster, Higher, Stronger1466 Words   |  6 PagesNations back their athletes financially to ensure they receive a medal. Winning gold in the Olympics Games is seen as the highest honor an athlete can achieve because of its prestigious image. The Olympics have not always been about the athletes. Nations competing have been victims of political scandals. When one country goes against another country, some people do not only view it as a fight for gold, but as a war amongst nations. Soccer fields have become battlegrounds and players, soldiers. SwimmingRead MorePierre de Coubertin and The Modern Olympic Movement Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pagesthe structural. (Frey Eitzen 504) OLYMPIC ORIGINS AND IDEALS Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympic movement, was born in 1863, into a family of French nobility. (MacAloon 8) Coubertin was raised during an era of French conflict and transition; the Franco-Prussian War, government instability during the time of the Paris Commune and then move to the French Third Republic, as well as the Dreyfus affair, left the French nation in turmoil during his youth. Inevitably, Coubertin’s characterRead MoreMiracle1423 Words   |  6 Pageswinning the 1980 gold metal for the Winter Olympics, led by head coach Herb Brooks. Miracle was fairly accurate with its historic content during the course of the movie. The director Gavin O’Connor did a good job tying in historical and political background that brought the film together, which made it unique to other sport films. In the beginning of the film there was a sequence highlighting the historical events that lead up to the 1980 Winter Olympics. Miracle specifically opened up with the historical

Vijayawada in the Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh Free Essays

A quadruplet is a multiplier that is lifted by four rotors. Unlike traditional helicopters, the quadruplet use 2 sets of propellers with 2 clockwise and 2 anti- clockwise. It was first designed by Louis Brute in 1907. We will write a custom essay sample on Vijayawada in the Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now It lifted off the ground by using four propellers In four different directions. Although It could only go up for several feet, it was a great step for the development of quadruplets. More than a decade later, in the asses, more engineers and scientists developed their own types f oratorical. Edmond Machine, a French engineer and helicopter designer, successfully designed a multiplier with four rotors that were installed at the ends of four arms. It provided a very high stability at that time and marked a record of 360 meters traveling distance. As time has passed, the quadruplet has changed into different styles and models. In asses-1 sass, the world was undergoing a very rapid economic development. There was a huge demand for transportation of Industrial materials. The quadruplet was a machine that people always prefer to use. However, due to lack improvement of the quadruplet, it was still not adopted for industrial use. In recent years, many small scale quadruplet are widely used in many ways. As there are many advanced airplanes, quadruplets are no longer under consideration as a means to transport people or commodities. Instead, they are used in different areas, like ordnance surveying, rescue support, film taking etc. Nowadays, quadruplets are always equipped with a camera. The data recorded by a quadruplet can be directly sent to a computer or saved in a storage system. During the Chuan earthquake In 2008, landslides blocked miles of country roads and properties. The rescuers could not enter the affected area. Also, airplanes could land or fly over some of these remote areas. The situation in the affected area remained unknown for the rescuers. The quadruplet help people to assess the damage quickly and more accurately in the remote areas. The ID robotics quadruplet, supported by a simple GAPS controlled through a computer, allowed the rescue teams to locate the affected areas. As the quadruplet is small in size and invulnerable, it can travel to very inaccessible places. We no longer need to rely on expensive alternatives like helicopters. Another common application of the quadruplet Is video and film taking. In the old days, if we want to take some scenes in the sky, we would probably need to use an airplane to help us. However, it is very difficult for an airplane to fly between skyscrapers and along narrow streets like In Hong Kong. Yet, but using a quadruplet can help the directors to achieve this goal. Since the quadruplet can be controlled by remote control or through computer programs, people can control their quadruplet to any direction they like. No matter whether you are standing on a cliff, or in I OFF flexibility and effectiveness of film making. The above applications are not those which are common in most people’s lives. Many people cannot afford to buy a quadruplet. Even if they could afford one, there are few ways that they could use it. However, in the future, we will have a chance to see hundreds of quadruplets flying over our heads. The world largest online retailer Amazon introduced a new delivery system-?Prime Air. This futuristic system allows customers to get their ordered packages into their hands within half an hour via unmanned aerial vehicles. The specially designed aerial vehicle is based on a prototype of a quadruplet. There are clamps to hold a box under the copter. The aerial vehicle is equipped with and tracked by a very precise GAPS system. It can even direct the copter outside the shopper’s doorstep. In the future, the world’s population will keep increasing. Land will become more crowded. Other than open up underground areas, the air space is expected to open p when we have better technology capabilities. As online shopping is growing in popularity, the Prime Air not only can boost the efficiency and economic growth, it can greatly reduce the demand for land transportation. To make Prime Air practicable, many weaknesses need to be considered and solved. What people discuss the most is safety. People will probably feel frightened and worried when they see a flying machine whizzing Just ten meters above their heads. People will also wonder whether the clamps strong enough to hold the box without dropping it. Although the copter is tracked by a very accurate GAPS system, there are many physical obstacles like trees, streetlights, advertisements and even construction sites which are not shown or frequently updated in the system. The technologies nowadays may not be capable to direct the unmanned aerial vehicles to keep away from these obstacles. This puts a restriction on sending a copter to crowded and busy areas like Hong Kong or New York. In the meantime, engineers needs to consider other problems like weather, battery life, load capacity and security. A quadruplet for goods delivery use needs some kind f design to protect the electronic components inside it and this type of service would be highly susceptible to the weather conditions. If the quadruplet could only operate on dry days, the whole concept may somewhat lose it’s meaning of effective delivery. What’s more, there is no one guard the copter. How can we ensure it can safely and accurately fly to the destination? There are still many things need to deal with in the future to make an application like this a reality. In the future, accoutered will be more commonly used in different aspects. How to cite Vijayawada in the Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh, Papers

Academics and Practitioner Strategies †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Academics and Practitioner Strategies. Answer: Introduction I have presented the key understanding of the effective business communication in this report. While doing the study I encountered that there are several communication styles which I can use to make my communication effective and efficient. I explored that viable correspondence is the fundamental segments for the individuals. I can correctly observe that if all hurdles related to communication is removed then usage of proper diagnostic tools can help a lot in vanquishing all kinds of problems related to communication. With the increasing changes in the growing business environment and changing economic factors, I have observed that I can use effective diagnostic tools to make my learning and communication more effective. I have also seen that with the use of specific gadgets and modern structure I can make viable communication with others. Diagnostic tools can also help me to identify my obstructions and issues in communication process and designs. With reference to my self assessmen t program, I have comprehended that I have distinctive issues in my communication styles. These communication issues and problems could be gauged by surveying proper level of questionnaire and adopting diagnostic tools to evaluate my own intents and programs. After evaluating the communication diagnostic tools and other issues in my communication styles I have considered that if I want to make convincing future in my life then I should put my sincere actions to evaluate every one of the cutoff points and negative rating in my communication diagnostic program. Effective communication diagnostic tools and self-reflection While carrying out my study I have encountered that there are several diagnostic tools which could be used by me to diagnose my problems and issues in determined approach. All through my appraisal program with the usage of these specific diagnostic instruments and self-reflection program, I have comprehended that I have distinctive issues and hurdles in my communication. I have realized that I need to improve my communication process if I want to make my personal and professional life better. , I have used only these five tools to diagnose my communication issues in easy and determined approach named as self- assessment scale, willingness to listen, Talk- holic, nonverbal immediacy scale- self report, individual report intercultural correspondence apprehension(PRICA). The first diagnostic tool which I have came across to gauge my communication is talk holic diagnostic tool. This tool mainly deals with the issue how well I could talk with others. In this tool I got 7 marks which showc ase my capability to pass on more than typical words in easy and determined approach with others. The second tool which I have considered is self assessment. In this tool I have got 6 marks which portrays that I have very scarcest progress in widening my words with various individuals. The third tool is related to willingness to listen, i.e. eagerness to listen. It reflects that I am very good in listing new creative words. Throughout my learning I have realized that I could make changes in my existing learning process. Fourth tool is the one which I have used is related to nonverbal immediacy scale- self report which reflects how splendidly I act or make response to the exercises. I got 7 marks in this diagnostic tool and I realized that I am really good in assessing items and transactions in effective manner. Finally the fifth tool is related to open individual report intercultural correspondence fear (PRICA). This highlights how I am dealing with my open talking issues. I got 7 m arks in this diagnostic tool. All these tools used by me shows that I need to utilize my proficiency to manage these issues by effectively utilizing proper diagnostic tools in determined approach. From exploring these above mentioned tools thus I have observed that if I use these scoring and rating, these could be utilized to make changes in my present effective communication tool. While doing this study I have encountered that I have several communication issues which I can overcome by properly using these communication tools. I can realize that if I am not being able to overcome issues related to communication then it will hamper my lifestyle. By using these analytic instruments of diagnostic tools I could easily identify communication problems in a more determined approach. While carrying out my study I can see that in order to mitigate my communication issues I have to change my lifestyle and use proper processes which can help to develop it. Thus diagnostic tools have helped me by highlighting problems that are related to my communication skills. However, while observing these tools I can find that these tools could hardly identify my deficiency that arises during my communication process, Assessing all these demonstrative tools, I can comprehend that I have got more than average marks which shows that I need to just polish my effective communication process. However, these diagnostic tools could help me to evaluate my shortcoming in effective communication process. Following issues I have noticed while using communication diagnostic tools and these are: Lack of attention, distractions to the receiver Frequent use of jargon With reference to these diagnostic tools which I have undertaken, I can observe that if I deploy these effective tools in a proper manner then I could recognize my weaknesses and strengths in communication skill. Since I received more than average marks in my communication skill, I have few problems in my communication skill. Thus it can be assessed that I have faced different issues in my past but with time I have been able to improve these issues that crop up during my communication process. Literature Review In order to achieve all accomplishment, effective communication plays an integral role. For overcoming challenges related to communications skill, usage of diagnostic tool helps in a large extent. Each and every individuals confront communication issue in their life and it is highlighted when that individual participate in communication process. Diagnostic tools are mainly utilized by individuals with a view to enhance their purposes and increase their communication in an effective and efficient manner. With increasing competition and exposure to these competitions, strongest of communication intent in human behavior is the most principal desires which is used by individuals to transmit required information and data to each other's in effective manner (Kissane, 2012). Communication capacities can only be developed by individuals themselves and this can be done by using appropriate communication skills. These appropriate ways includes staffing, planning, controlling, administrating internal and external factors to improvise learning outcomes in an effective manner. However, there are several diagnostic tools that could be feasible for changes in the communication issues. These tools could be utilized by some methods that help with relieving effective communication issues (Eggenberger, Heimerl Bennett, 2013). Communication skill boosts the self confidence in individuals. However, several features are to be highlighted while boosting this skill and these features mainly includes: clarity of purpose, conciseness, and effective use of grapevine, feedback, completeness and empathy. These features thus play an important role as far as communication is concerned (Chan, Purcell Power, 2016). There are several models of communication and all these are conceptual ones. Communication involves the process of sending and receiving messages from one part to another. Among the models of communication , six models are in practice. Shannon and Weaver model shows the functioning of technologies. Berlo model shows the SMCR phases of communication, these SMCR is sender message channel receiver model. Third is the Barnlund model which deals with the transactional model of communication. Here the model involves individuals engaging in the sending and receiving of messages. Fourth model is Schramms model, this model describes major dimensions and these are message, form, channel, destination and receiver. This model mainly shows the impact of a message on the other target of a message. The fifth model is the linear model that is a one way model to communicate with others. Finally the sixth model is the interactive model that shows the receiver and listener providing feedback to sender (Barnett, Nagy Hakim, 2017). Now the problems that crop up from diagnostic tools as discussed in the above discussion are discussed in this part. Attention plays an important role while carrying out the communication process, it is commonly thought to be significant factor that affects the skill. Without proper attention communication cannot be summarized as the transmission of message that evolves from sender to a receiver or in a reverse way. Since the importance of effective communication is immeasurable , attention is hugely required to attain skill in a proper way. The communication process is the guide towards realizing communication effectively but lack of attention crop up several problems during this process. Sharing common meaning between senders and receiver is the main purpose of communication. Individuals those follows the communication process effectively will have the opportunity to become more productive in all aspects of life. Understanding is an outcome of effective communication, however lack of attention creates huge problem and poses threat towards this understandings, this is because proper understanding can only result in an effective result and improper ones create problems and impact life in a greater extent (McCroskey, 2015) (Bartunek Rynes, 2014). Communication process commence with the sender and ends with the receiver. This sender can be an individual group who initiate the communication. This senders attitude, knowledge, experience and perception influence the message, here comes the importance of lack of attention, if the receiver suffers from problem of lack of attention then a message conveyed in different sense can be inferred to a different meaning that in reality have no link with that parent message. However, this problem does not evolve in case of written communication as this involves involvement of sensory organs, but the verbal communication involves only one sensory organ . Thus attentive skills plays significant role in effective communication skill (Bartunek Rynes, 2014). The second problem that evolves from the diagnostic tool is the frequent use of jargon. Jargon mainly shows a type of language that is used for purpose and may not be clearly understandable outside that topic. Jargons can be distinguishable from the rest of the language and this can be done by including some words that are specific to it, and narrower senses of words that out groups will have the probability to use it in a broader sense. Jargon is thus technical terminology or terminology that is specific to that activity (Kurtz, Silverman Draper, 2016) (Wright, Sparks O'hair, 2012). Communication is an activity of conveying information from sender to receiver, thus it is a medium of exchange of messages, thoughts and information. Often communication is considered as natural process that shows exchange of ideas. Hence the relationship between communication and human society is an immense one. However, this process of communication can be hampered from several factors and use of jargon can be considered as one such problem. If jargons are used then it becomes difficult to understand the message in an proper way and this is due to reason, jargon itself is a complex term as it becomes meaningless outside the topic. Thus huge problem can be faced if jargons are used frequently in a communication process. Thus for an effective communication knowledge on most used jargons is recommended as it will help in the long run to sustain communication in an improved way (Whiteley, 2017). Action Plan S.NO Task Details Days involved Start date End date Action plan prepared 1 Management of communication issues 180 Days 10Apr 17 6 Oct 17 Usage of legitimate learning and preparing program. Going to master's classes to deal with these issues. Executing legitimate timetable 8 days learning program 7 days aptitudes and advancement program to make successful change. 1days correspondence program to influence change in adapting new abilities and enjoyed theoretical to program. 2 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNCIATION PROGRMA 31 days 10 May 2017 11 Jun 2017 This is the one month program in which legitimate esteems and new denunciation style will be found out. This will help in relieving the correspondence issues. Gathering dialog and individual talk conduct will be attempted. Legitimate learning procedure and correspondence communication style will be arranged. 2.1 Implementation of discussion program and learning process 16 days 1Apr2017 16 Apr 2017 In this arrangement legitimate dialog program will be directed. For example, giving specific theme and distinguishing correspondence issues will be finished. This procedure and learning style will be utilized to recognize where I have to roll out to influence improvements in my correspondence to style Another program would be identified with executing new gathering exchange program. Classes will offer chance to possibility to stand up to the stage fear and enable them to make disparate considering while at the same time talking. It will likewise help person's certainty while managing diverse factors and issues in decided approach 2,2 Conducting seminars and program 15 Days 10 May 2017 25May 2017 This classes will be directed on week after week premise to feature the key expectations of successful communication. 3. Evaluation of own learning communication style 30 Days 10June 2017 9Jul 2017 In this procedure legitimate assessment would be finished by utilizing a few analytic instruments. These instruments reflects how well hopefuls have enhanced their correspondence goals. This should be possible just when individual distinguish his own particular faults and deficiency by utilizing a few symptomatic instruments. Nonetheless, change in this program should be possible by taking specialists advices an instructional course in powerful way. . 4. Training and development session 91 Days 1 May 2017 2Aug2017 In this program proper training program will be conducted. This process will be used to make improvement in the left part of communication style. 5. Conducting program 31 Days 15Aug 2017 16 Sep 2017 This program will exhibit the high number of applicant's gathering analyzing n and sharing individual and calling musings. This meeting will comprise 18 individuals in every session with the goal that they could share their own contemplations and thoughts. 6. Conducting meeting and seminars. 183 Days 10 May 2017 14 Aug2017 In this program legitimate preparing project will be led. This procedure will be utilized to influence change in the left piece of correspondence to style. This is related with 1 month learning process in which appropriate correspondence program will be directed. This has demonstrated that if hopefuls will take interest in appropriate way in these leading systems then their self-gaging procedure will help them to beat their issues. This meeting will experience every one of the issues and issues looked by individual in their correspondence style References Austin, E. W., Pinkleton, B. E. (2015). Strategic public relations management: Planning and managing effective communication campaigns(Vol. 10). Routledge. Barnett, S., Nagy, M. W., Hakim, R. C. (2017). Integration and assessment of the situation-background-assessment-recommendation framework into a pharmacotherapy skills laboratory for interprofessional communication and documentation.Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning. Bartunek, J. M., Rynes, S. L. (2014). Academics and practitioners are alike and unlike: The paradoxes of academicpractitioner relationships. Chan, A., Purcell, A., Power, E. (2016). A systematic review of assessment and intervention strategies for effective clinical communication in culturally and linguistically diverse students.Medical education,50(9), 898-911. Eggenberger, E., Heimerl, K., Bennett, M. I. (2013). Communication skills training in dementia care: a systematic review of effectiveness, training content, and didactic methods in different care settings.International Psychogeriatrics,25(3), 345-358. Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Lee-Shang Lau, J., Kuang, J. (2001). Critical factors for successful implementation of enterprise systems. Business process management journal,7(3), 285-296. Kissane, D. W., Bylund, C. L., Banerjee, S. C., Bialer, P. A., Levin, T. T., Maloney, E. K., D'Agostino, T. A. (2012). Communication skills training for oncology professionals.Journal of Clinical Oncology,30(11), 1242-1247. Kurtz, S., Silverman, J., Draper, J. (2016).Teaching and learning communication skills in medicine. CRC press. Leonard, G., Potter, S. (2015). Developing effective communication tools for volcanic hazards in New Zealand, using social science.Global Volcanic Hazards and Risk,305. McCroskey, J. C. (2015).Introduction to rhetorical communication. Routledge. Whiteley, W. (Ed.). (2017).Language use and social change: problems of multilingualism with special reference to eastern Africa(Vol. 22). Routledge. Wright, K. B., Sparks, L., O'hair, H. D. (2012).Health communication in the 21st century. John Wiley Sons.

Good Moring brother and sisters, Essays - Conscience, Personality

Good Moring brother and sisters, I was asked by Brother Larkin to speak on the 13 th article of faith . I found a talk from the October 2013 general conference by Ann m. Dibb. The thirteenth article of faith is a guide for righteous . Imagine for a moment what our world would be like if everyone chose to live by the teachings found in the thirteenth article of faith: "We believe in being honest, true, chaste, benevolent, virtuous, and in doing good to all men; indeed, we may say that we follow the admonition of PaulWe believe all things, we hope all things, we have endured many things, and hope to be able to endure all things. If there is anything virtuous, lovely, or of good report or praiseworthy, we seek after these things." Today I would like to focus on two closely related principles in the thirteenth article of faith that definitely help "keep us safe and on cours e." I have a strong testimony and commitment to the important principles of being honest and being true. First , "believe in being honest." What does it mean to be honest? The booklet " True to the Faith " teaches, "To be honest means to be sincere, truthful, and without deceit at all times." 2 It is a commandment from God to be honest, 3 and "complete honesty is necessary for our salvation." 4 President Howard W. Hunter taught that we must be willing to be strictly honest. He said: "Several years ago there were posters in the foyers and entries of our chapels that were entitled Be Honest with Yourself.' Most of them pertained to the little, ordinary things of life. This is where the principle of honesty is cultivated. "There are some who will admit it is morally wrong to be dishonest in big things yet believe it is excusable if those things are of lesser importance. Is there really any difference between dishonesty involving a thousand dollars or that which involves only a dime? Are there really degrees of dishonesty, depending upon whether or not the subject is great or small?" President Hunter continues: "If we would have the companionship of our Heavily Father and the Spirit of the Holy Ghost, we must be honest with ourselves, honest with God, and with our fellowmen. This results in true joy." 5 When we are honest in all things, big and small, we experience peace of mind and a clear conscience. Our relationships are enriched because they are based on trust. And the greatest blessing that comes from being honest is that we are able to have the companionship of the Holy Ghost. I would like to share a simple story that has strengthened my commitment to be honest in all things: "A man went one evening to steal corn from a neighbor's field. He took his little boy with him to sit on the fen ce and keep a look-out, so he could give warning in case anyone should come along. The man jumped over the fence with a large bag on his arm, and before commencing to take the corn he looked all around, first one way and then the other, and not seeing any person, he was just about to fill his bag. [The boy then called out]: "Father, there is one way you haven't looked yet! You forgot to look up.'" 6 When we are tempted to be dishonest, and this temptation comes to all of us, we may suppose that no one will ever know. This story reminds us that our Heavenly Father always knows, and we are ultimately accountable to Him. This knowledge helps me continually strive to live up to this commitment: "believe in being honest." The second principle taught in the thirteenth a rticle of faith is "believe in being true." The dictionary defines the word true as being "steadfast," "loyal," "accurate," or "without deviation." 7 Being true to our beliefseven when doing so isn't popular, easy, or funkeeps us safely on the path that leads to eternal life with our Heavenly Father. Being true also allows us to have a positive effect on the lives of others . I've

Free Essays on Maya Angelu

Maya Angelou was born on April 4, 1928 in St. Louis, Missouri. She was born under the name Marguerite Johnson, but her brother Baily renamed her Maya. Her parents, Baily and Vivian Baxter Johnson, got divorced when she was very young. Maya grew up in a very racist town. There were many problems in her life, in which she describes in her autobiographical novel â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings†. At the age of 16, she became pregnant, while experimenting if her sexual preference was males or females. She had to get numerous jobs to support herself and her son, Clyde, who was later known as Guy. In 1952, she married a man named Tosh Angelos, but due to his atheist ideals, which grew to be unacceptable to Maya’s religion, the marriage soon ended. In order to have money to support herself and Clyde, she was forced to become a dancer and a bar girl in a strip joint. After she got enough money, she moved to New York and sang at various clubs. Maya started her writing caree r in New York with the Harlem Literary Guild. She made contracts which led to her recognition as a producer, director, and performer. In 1960, she married a South African freedom fighter, Vusumzi Make. They both got jobs as editors of the Arab Observer. The marriage ended three years later, and Maya moved to Ghana. She felt at home for the first time of her life. This is when she started her first writings. Maya was nominated for an Emmy Award for her acting in â€Å"Roots† and â€Å"Georgia, Georgia†. She also received a Pulitzer Prize Nomination for her poems â€Å"Just Give Me a Cool Drink ‘fore I Die† (1971) and â€Å"And Still I Rise† (1976). Being President Bill Clinton’s favorite writer, he asked her to write and deliver a poem for his 1993 presidential inauguration. She also wrote a poem for the â€Å"Million Man March†. â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† became a best-selling book on 20 January 1993. Now, Maya is a Reynolds professor of American Studies at Wake Forres... Free Essays on Maya Angelu Free Essays on Maya Angelu Maya Angelou was born on April 4, 1928 in St. Louis, Missouri. She was born under the name Marguerite Johnson, but her brother Baily renamed her Maya. Her parents, Baily and Vivian Baxter Johnson, got divorced when she was very young. Maya grew up in a very racist town. There were many problems in her life, in which she describes in her autobiographical novel â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings†. At the age of 16, she became pregnant, while experimenting if her sexual preference was males or females. She had to get numerous jobs to support herself and her son, Clyde, who was later known as Guy. In 1952, she married a man named Tosh Angelos, but due to his atheist ideals, which grew to be unacceptable to Maya’s religion, the marriage soon ended. In order to have money to support herself and Clyde, she was forced to become a dancer and a bar girl in a strip joint. After she got enough money, she moved to New York and sang at various clubs. Maya started her writing caree r in New York with the Harlem Literary Guild. She made contracts which led to her recognition as a producer, director, and performer. In 1960, she married a South African freedom fighter, Vusumzi Make. They both got jobs as editors of the Arab Observer. The marriage ended three years later, and Maya moved to Ghana. She felt at home for the first time of her life. This is when she started her first writings. Maya was nominated for an Emmy Award for her acting in â€Å"Roots† and â€Å"Georgia, Georgia†. She also received a Pulitzer Prize Nomination for her poems â€Å"Just Give Me a Cool Drink ‘fore I Die† (1971) and â€Å"And Still I Rise† (1976). Being President Bill Clinton’s favorite writer, he asked her to write and deliver a poem for his 1993 presidential inauguration. She also wrote a poem for the â€Å"Million Man March†. â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† became a best-selling book on 20 January 1993. Now, Maya is a Reynolds professor of American Studies at Wake Forres...

Semco Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Semco Company - Essay Example What would be the likely consequences of the changes in the short and medium term? It may help your answer if you consider key differences between your chosen case and Semco. One of the most important characteristics of the firm’s human resources management is the freedom related with the participation of employees in the organizational projects. Employees can choose the type of work that suits better to their needs and their time – referring to the time available on a daily basis for work, an issue particularly important for women with children. Furthermore, the firm’s top management is not accurately informed on the personal details of employees – a fact that could be criticized negatively by theorists and practitioners in the HR management sector. In accordance with the comments of the firm’s owner, R. Semler, ‘we could decide to find out which is which and who is who, but for two good reasons we never bother; first, the employment and contractual relationships are so complex that describing them all would take too much time and trouble; second, we think it’s all useless information’ (case study, p.64). The structure of the firm’s HR management can be compared to the open-source software – everyone can enter the firm and participate in its profits – the performance of each employee is depended on his/ her own ambitions and targets. Rather than trying to monitor employees in all their activities within the organization managers in Semco try to communicate with them quite often and give them the chance to participate actively in the firm’s key strategic decisions. The structure of the firm’s HR framework is not similar with others in the market. In fact, people with limited time or those that were working for the firm in the past have equal chances to participate in the development of the firm’s projects. The firm supports the development of industrial democracy giving the chance to

Chain and Gear Business Expansion Plan 2014 Essay

Chain and Gear Business Expansion Plan 2014 - Essay Example The expansion will include the development of an e-commerce website to increase sells and customer service, development of five new products. The services we currently offer are limited to Used bikes. The new products are new bikes (hybrid and Mountain) from various suppliers, cycling nutrition products such as energy drinks, body armor and Pads from Dainese and finally, accessories and spares. Servicing and maintenance will be offered free for all bikes bought at the shop for a period of 3months from the date of purchase. We expect a gross Margin of 46% on the new products and an expected 40% net margin. The Break-even point is estimated at 710 units. With the changing weather patterns in the UK, sales are expected to be at peak levels in the summer months. Tour De France’s influence on cycling will be important with many communities organizing small events. Chain and Gear will optimize these events to promote its products and increase revenue. The annual expected revenue for 2014 is approximately  £1.7 million, supported by high sales of nutritional products and body armor and pads. Chain and Gear is a sole-proprietorship operating in London’s High Streets of Fulham Road in Chelsea. The company has been in operation for one year and with the increased demand in bicycles, it intends to expand its operations from a small used bikes shop to a high-end value brand with over  £1 Million turnovers annually. This expansion will see an introduction of five new products and a capital injection of about  £70,000. The total cash requirements for the business expansion will be  £84,000. With a capital injection of  £70,000 and credit facility of 60% of start-up inventory, the business will have sufficient cash flow to start.The intended will be funded by a loan of  £60,000 sourced from banks and a  £10,000 cash injection from the owner.  

Psychological Analysis of Terrorism and Terrorists

Psychological Analysis of Terrorism and Terrorists Bakhtawar Mushtaque ZAHRA BARKAT â€Å"Terrorism in Pakistan: why people are involved in terrorist activities a psychological approach† â€Å"Everyone worried about stopping terrorism, well there is really an easy way: stop participating in it.†, (Noam Chomsky). A person scarifies his life to claim a few more lives, is an extreme sorrowful situation of terror act. Terrorists are the ones who cause terrorism. It is not very simple to define terrorism but literature says â€Å"terrorism is an unlawful act, mass violence directed particularly at civilians, resulting in widespread fear. Such violence is often motivated by social, religious, or psychological ideals and intended to induce societal and national changes†, (Taylor and Fancies 2014). I am interested in this topic because I want to know the reasons which impact on the psyche of individual that insists people to opt for terrorist activities. Else, the relation between the causes of terrorist acts with psychological construction. The most importantly, I want to structure some strategies through which we can overcome this situation. The point to ponder is what thing had such an impact on one’s psychology that persuaded him to be completely hypnotized in a way that he does not think even once before doing that? This is a fundamental question that revolves in our minds whenever we hear any news about such activities. Terrorism is recorded as a major violence in Pakistan in recent years. According to (Taylor and Francis 2014), â€Å"There were 13,721 incidents in Pakistan from 2001 to 2013. From 2001 to 2005, there have been 523 terrorist incidents in Pakistan but from 2007 to November 2013, the total number of incidents has risen to 13,198.† â€Å"Pakistan is both an ally in the war on terror, and in some sense, a battleground in the war on terror†.(Stephen Hadley) With the feeling of disappointment we have encountered a very high rate of terrorism in Pakistan. The number of terror acts (suicide bombings) between 2001 and 2007 stood at 15 only, but from 2007 to 2013, Pakistan jumped to 1,404 t errorist attacks. It is deliberately increasing day by day and the data shows the highest rate anywhere in the world. Terrorism have three main perspective such as macro sociological, psychosocial and psychological. In this paper we will discuss third approach which has been a major problem in Pakistan recent years. This approach mainly include the teaching of religious extremism and wrong social practices which impact on individual’s psyche. There are many social problems but we will focus on few of them including poverty, illiteracy, injustice and unemployment. These are highly prevalent in Pakistan; developing a disease of making psychological errors between right and wrong and encourages a feeling of jealousy and ignorance. . Identifying the causes would be a major help in providing the remedies for these unwanted acts. What ISLAM teaches us about peace and humanity? The religion of Islam advocates peace and mutual agreement and admonishes aggression. â€Å" Don’t aggress; GOD dislikes the aggressors†. (Quran 5:87) One of the main themes elaborated in Quran is peace, unless there is injustice that cannot be resolved by all the peaceful means available. According to Tellis 2014, â€Å"Peace have direct link with psychological construction, if there will be no peace around, effect will be the astounding violent activities which ultimately leads psychological disturbances like anxiety and depression.†. Violent behaviors may be terrorism, target killing and so on. In reality, love and compassion is the real antidote for every act of terrorism. Religious causes: A famous analyst Richardson proposed behavioral model in 2011 he states that â€Å"In operant conditioning we repeat the behavior when we get positive reinforcement. With this concept the religiously defined reward in eternal life and military outcome of the suicide bombings could be some factors positively reinforcing the behavior†. The conspiracy by some of our ancestors provoking a fake concept of allowance in religion to practice such extreme activities has resulted to mass destruction in today’s world. These practices have lived their lives for many years and passed to every generation. The true image of Islam is also breached and presented as a religion of extremists. A feel of hatred has risen in the world against Islam and the Pakistanis. This has resulted to seek for revenge and vengeance against the world in one’s psychology. According to Yousafzai 2007 â€Å"One of the motive in religiously motivated terrorist is â€Å"revenge† and it paired wi th the sense of altruism as many of them always had relative who has been killed or abused in the holy war†. Violence has strong religious endorsement and approval in Pakistan. In one of the psychoanalytical theory of violence namely drive theory it is written that to understand the cause of terror act, it is necessary to know about the frustration_agression fold. This fold is complex due to psychological disturbances like rage and hopelessness. Through the religious teachings this fold get stronger by scholars and they think that there is no other way to get success in religion. (Bajoria 2011) Teachings of these practices are still carried out in rural areas and areas where lack of sense and knowledge is found. These practices are usually conducted in the local religious schools and involve developing psychology in a student to charge against those who neglect or argue in any law they imply. One research conducted in 2010 by Patric Hadin proved that in Pakistan 70% of terrori sts are being prepared in schools. He states that â€Å"It is very easy to set the mind (brain wash) of school going students and build their psychology according to once own desire.† In one of the Pakistani drama â€Å"KHUDA ZAMEEN SE GAYA NAHI† I saw that youngsters were taught by the scholars that this is JAHAD and this is the sacrifice on the name of GOD. In Pakistan, religious factor have a great support of MEDIA which are making changes in psychology of youngsters because they are more towards media. One of the case study was conducted in Pakistan where it has been observed that independent media played a role in spreading these acts in Pakistan. Study shows one institution where the teachings was conducted and influenced the suicide bombers through mass media. Result shows that 80% Pakistanis were grabbed through this strategy†. (Sarhandi 2011) These heinous acts create a fear and instability in the society and mostly people surrender. The feel of this pow er changes to extremism leads psychological disorder which mainly include aggression. In addition, their minds are modified and are persuaded in a way that encourages these activities, so called JIHAD, will grant them a fruitful reward in their Hereafter. To explain the religion terrorism within a psychodynamic framework, we need to focused on the trait of NARCISSIM which produce a sense of self damage. Terrorist’s intellectual will show the grandiose view inside the GOD. (Randy Borum 2004) This view will make him a victim. Moreover, The mind setting (brain wash) is the common finding among the majority of the terrorist in Pakistan. In one of the swat operation against terrorism in Pakistan in 2009, many of the adolescents who were to be FUTURE SUCIDE BOMBERs in Pakistan were psychologically educated. Before inducting them in the community for such activities, they prepared them wholly in almost 6 weeks and they do work to change their psychology through different stages in M adrassa. This religious fanaticism for the love of martyrdom and its reward is a major cause of the terrorist attacks like suicide bombings in Pakistan. Social issues: For a common man, our social environment is full of injustice, illiteracy, insecurity, poverty and unemployment. Till today, these issues are at peak in Pakistan which also insists people to opt for activities like terrorism. This is also known as emotional terrorism because terrorist think of their children and families emotionally. They think to give them quality of life by providing money to them and they don’t think about thousands of innocent lives victimized due to their act. This seems to be all due to unemployment and poverty. Taylor and Francis 2014 states that this act of thinking end up the people in psychological problems which mainly include depression and anxiety. A study conducted on 1,031 terrorist incidents in the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa found that 80% of the perpetrators were unemployed and were motivated by changes in psychology. (Assad Nizami Tariq Hassan 2014). Furthermore, Pakistan is listed in one of the strongest developing countries; struggling to improve the rate of literacy. It has always remained a big problem and a major cause of terrorism in Pakistan too. People are not enough educated, particularly in rural areas. They do not have eligible sense of right or wrong. Taylor and Francis 2014 also witnessed in their study that â€Å"7 out of 10 terrorist are from rural areas and are under privileged and stalking of illiteracy†. Such people easily become a victim of anti-social ideas. They apply what they are taught without any remorse or guilt of the results. According to Jeff Vencatramen 2007, â€Å"scientific psychology reveal that poverty and illiteracy produce suffering and frustration and this breads aggression against others that translate in terrorism.† Moreover, injustice and inequality play the role of a catalyst while in the execution of the plans of the terrorists. Social injustice and unfairness burden other instabilities and inequalities that ultimately lead violence. According to Jeff Vencatramen 2007, â€Å"personality traits are not irrelevant to terrorism. Political oppression of inequality lead many negative personality traits in individual like impulsivity and obnoxious.† Although terrorist do willingly these acts, they know their bond with family and relations are going to be over. This leads to anxiety, stress and many other problems. These problems grab their actual perception, awareness and judgment. According to Horgon 2008, â€Å"Terrorist’s psyche view their own actions as rational and purposeful, driven in response to their own perception of social, religious, and other realities. They see their own selves as good and victims as bad. These are some main factors which are accountable for terrorism. There are many other factors which are responsible for terrorist activities. For instance, in tuberculosis the main cause is mycobacterium tuberculosis but there are many other factors which cause the disease. According to Jeff Victoroff 2006, â€Å"Many of the individual terrorist across the Pakistan have mainly no more causes oppressed than religious and social like poverty, illiteracy and so on and it is claim that this escort to the psyc hological distress.† Now this is the time to take a step forward and think how to eradicate this problem. Attempts are still way in Pakistan. Scenarios are going to be complex and may worsen the situations. In the very low level, we can give knowledge to the adolescents in school and colleges which are at high risk. According to Testas 2014, â€Å"we should educate our young generation and teach them the consequences of terrorist activities. This education carry two aspects. First, to build the safe psyche of young generation so they can make the best decision for themselves and the second is to reduce the illiteracy which ultimately bring the positive influence.† At the state level our political leaders should take step ahead. They should eliminate injustice, poverty and other social instability to prevent population from these activities which are taking lives from irreproachable families. According to Newman 2014, â€Å"Our common goal to eradicate terrorist activities should be to reduce the poverty and promote social justice, to bring the marginalized into the mainstream of the psychological health, economy and society.† With the contribution of political leaders, these acts can be eradicated at the community, national and international level. Definitely, we hope that our initiatives will make some positive changes in our country. Conclusion: Definitely, terrorists have some major psychological distress which push them further towards those terrorist activities. With the religious perspective, mind setting was seen in most of the Pakistani terrorists. There were social issues like poverty, injustice and many more which were highly common in Pakistani terrorist. These both major causes lead many psychological problems like aggression, anxiety and distress. Killing or delivering punishment on the grounds is not going to solve the issue but would promote such unwanted activities. State needs to review the impact of terrorism in the past decade and develop a policy to combat terrorism socially and psychologically. It is also a responsibility of a common man, towards humanity and our country, not to be ignorant. The ignorance may lead to a fine destruction of our society. Our youth will suffer. And when youth suffers, the future suffers. References: Bhatti,J.A., Mehmood,A., Shahid,M., Bhatti,S.A., Akhtar,U., Razzak,J.A. (2011). Epidemiological patterns of suicide terrorism in the civilian Pakistani population. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 8(3), 206-211. doi:10.1080/17457300.2011.555558 Newman,E. (2006). Exploring the ?Root Causes? of Terrorism. Studies in Conflict Terrorism, 29, 749-772. doi:10.1080/10576100600704069 Nizami,A.Z., Rana,M.H., Hassan,T.M., Minhas,F.A. (2014). Terrorism in Pakistan: a behavioral sciences perspective. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 32, 335-346. doi:10.1002/bsl.2118 Testas,A. (2010). DETERMINANTS OF TERRORISM IN THE MUSLIM WORLD: AN EMPIRICAL CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS. Terrorism and Political Violence, 16(2). doi:10.1080=09546550490482504 Venkatraman a,A. (2007). Religious Basis for Islamic Terrorism: The Quran and Its Interpretations. Studies in Conflict Terrorism, 30, 229-248. doi:10.1080/10576100600781612 Tellis,A.J. (2014). Pakistans Record on Terrorism: Conflicted Goals, Compromised Performance. The Washington Quarterly. Retrieved from doi.org/10.1162/wash.2008.31.2.7 Bajoria,J. (2011, May 13). Retrieved from http://www.cfr.org/pakistan/pakistans-new-generation-terrorists/p15422 Borum,R. (2004). Psychology of Terrorism. The University of South Florida. Khan,A.M., Sarhandi,I., Hussain,J., Iqbal,S., Taj,R. (2011). Impact of Terrorism on Mental Health. Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences,, 18(1), 46_49. Yousafzai,A.W., Siddiqui,M.N. (2007). Psychological perspective of suicide bombing. journal of Pakistan psychiatric society, 4(2), 121. La corte,L.D. (2007). Explaining Terrorism: A Psychosocial Approach. perspectives on terrorism, 1(2).

023 Understand Child and Young Person development Essay

Age range Explain the sequence and rate of development 0-3 months When born, babies show innate reflexes, such as swallowing and sucking, rooting reflex, grasp reflex, startle reflex, walking and standing reflex; in the first month babies become less curled up and the startle reflex is starting to fade; toward the end of the third month babies start lifting and turning their heads. 3-6 months When lying on front babies can lift their arms and legs balancing on their tummies; they can reach and grab a toy and they can pass it from one hand to another; they can also roll from their backs to front; around sixth month babies are becoming able to sit with support (e. g. high chair). 6-9 months Babies can sit without support; they are beginning to crawl or find other ways of being mobile (bottom-shuffling); starting to use fingers to feed. 9-12 months Babies are becoming very mobile, fast crawling, standing up by the furniture, some babies walk along the furniture using their hands to hold on; developing abilities to handle objects and putting them into containers; babies able to feed themselves with fingers. 1-2 years At the beginning of this period babies are beginning to walk and around 18 months they are becoming more and more skilful on their feet, moving faster; toddlers around this age begin to sit and push with their legs to move on the sit-and-ride toys. Towards their second year children walk confidently, they can run and climb; towards the end of the second year some children are becoming ready to start potty training. 2-4 years In the third year children start potty training; they become able to push with feet or peddle a tricycle; children can walk upstairs alternating their feet; towards the end of the this period children are skilful enough to feed and dress themselves; they are able to do threading, pouring and they can use scissors. 4-7 years Physical development less rapid, however skills are becoming more refined and movements more coordinated. Ability to kick and control ball; development of fine motor skills essential for handwriting. 7-12 years Good coordination of small and large movements; growing physical skilfulness means task can be done quicker, more accurately and more confidently; neater drawing and writing; accurate cutting. Between 9 and 12 children gain even better coordination and speed in fine and gross motor skills. Around 11th year the bodies of some girls are starting to change (growing breasts) and some might start their periods. 12-16 years Gradual body changes in both girls and boys (girls physically mature quicker [around 15/ 16] than boys [around 17/18]. Fast body changes may affect spatial awareness which can become occasionally poor as a result. 16-19 years The maturing of the body is finishing with the full development of sexual organs; the body is taking a distinctive female or male shape. 023 Table 2: Intellectual and cognitive development Age range Explain the sequence and rate of development 0-3 months Quite early on babies are able to recognise the smell of their mother and her voice; later they become familiar with voices of important others and they can be calmed when they hear them; they are interested in faces. In their 3rd month babies start to differentiate between day and night (settled routine); babies become interested in mobiles and other objects around them. 3-6 months Babies are becoming interested in what is happening around them, turning their head in the direction of interest; objects are being explored by hands and mouth. 6-9 months Developing fine motor skills allow babies for a better exploration of objects by handling and touching with fingers; around 8 or 9 months babies understand object permanence (objects continue to exists even when out of sight). 9-12 months Babies are more aware of what is happening around them, they are starting to understand routines through signals (bib = food) 1-2 years Children enjoy pop-up and posting toys and in their 2nd year they are starting to have a go at simple jigsaw puzzles and building bricks. 2-4 years Children pretend play with miniature world; they more interested in books, mark making and painting. In their fourth year children are able to concentrate and focus longer on activities which which caught their interest. 4-7 years Children begin to do some simple counting and calculations, recognizing letters is followed by gradual decoding of simple words and later by reading. 7-12 years Reading and writing is becoming easier, children start reading silently to themselves. Play becomes more organized and follows rules. Development of thinking and reasoning is demonstrated through independent problem solving. 12-16 years Further development of reasoning and problem solving; children are gradually starting to understand more abstract concepts. 16-19 years Cognitive abilities are becoming further refined, leading to high level skills in young people. 023 Table 3: Communication development Age range Explain the sequence and rate of development 0-3 months To start with babies express their hunger, tiredness or other discontent through crying; around 5th/6th week babies start to coo when content; in the third month babies start smiling and reciprocate smiles. 3-6 months Babies starting to understand a little of what is being said and they are starting to give some communication signals themselves (e. g. raised arms when they want to be picked up). 6-9 months Babies become quite vocal, babbling with a differentiated tuneful string of sounds. They are also starting to understand various important key words connected with their routines (e. g. ?dinner? ). 9-12 months Babies clearly show they understand more of what is being said around them/ to them. Babbling is still main way of communication. 1-2 years First meaningful sounds/ words are beginning to emerge around 13 months, and at the end of 2nd year children might have a vocabulary of about 200 words. 2-4 years Language is becoming a powerful means of communication. From connecting two words first children are beginning gradually to build up sentences and their talking is becoming understandable even to those who are not in regular contact with the child. Even though there might be the odd mistake in the sentence structure, the language toward the end of this period is becoming fluent and children ask questions and generally enjoy expressing themselves through language. 4-7 years Children are becoming involved with written language – they are starting to learn to read and write. 7-12 years Reading and writing becomes easier now; at the beginning of this period children enjoy telling jokes to others; apart from chatting, children are beginning to be able to form a simple argument and be persuasive, they are becoming increasingly able to negotiate with others. Their writing shows more grammatical awareness as well as own imagination. 12-16 years Reading and writing skills are becoming very good and children are becoming increasingly skilful in negotiating and persuasion of others (peers and adults). 16-19 years Communication with peers is becoming very important; differentiation between formal and informal language and its use in real life is becoming more and more important; young people use different means to communicate (via phones, mobile messaging, emails, facebook, etc. ). 023 Table 4: Social, emotional and behavioural development Age range Explain the sequence and rate of development 0-3 months First social contacts are being established mainly during feeding; at the end of the first month babies start to show first smiles which then gradually become response to familiar faces. 3-6 months Babies smile and squeal with delight when playing with familiar others. 6-9 months Babies try to stay close to their primary carers and around 8 months babies may become distressed when their primary carer leaves. 9-12 months Babies are fixed on their carers and do not want to be with strangers. 1-2 years Children start notice other children around them and they show some interest in them and later start parallel play. They also start show some frustrations and tantrums as they gradually discover some boundaries. 2-4 years Children play alongside others and may start copying their actions. Around the third year children become more aware of others and their needs which also reflects in their play which is gradually starting to be more and more cooperative. Children enjoy being praised by adults. 4-7 years Developing language is helping children to form better relationships and children begin to show some preferences in friendships. 7-12 years Friendships are becoming more stable and more important and may influence decision making (if my friend is doing something I might be more likely doing it also). Gender specific play is becoming more apparent. Children start to compare themselves to others. Children enjoy being given some responsibilities. 12-16 years Friends and friendships are very important and gradually opinions from friends might feel more important that those of parents/ carers. This leads to exploration and challenge of the boundaries of relationships as well as learning to deal with disagreements, arguments, etc. There are anxieties coming from pressures from school. 16-19 years Young people enjoy being with their friends, they are finding discovering their own identity and sense of belonging to a group/ groups of specific characteristics which defines for them who they are (religious groups, sport group, goth, etc. ) 023 Table 5: Moral development Age range Explain the sequence and rate of development 0-3 months 3-6 months 6-9 months 9-12 months Children might start paying attention to â€Å"no† and might stop their behaviour for a moment. 1-2 years Children are beginning to understand â€Å"no† and they start using it themselves. 2-4 years At the beginning of this phase still no understanding what is right or wrong but children understand when they are said â€Å"No†. Later they become able to follow some simple rules. Around 4 years children are becoming thoughtful at times but most of the times will decide what to do on the basis of adult approval. 4-7 years Children are beginning to understand rules; they try to understand them, follow them and may attempt to create their own rules where no rules are given (made-up game with friends). 7-12 years Children share their knowledge of rules with others and will readily point out if someone breaks the rules. Later they are becoming more aware of behaviour consequences and they are generally becoming more thoughtful. 12-16 years Children are beginning to be aware of a bigger picture – rules of communities and societies and they are beginning to understand the need for that. 16-19 years There is a interest in moral issues, finding out that right and wrong is not always black and white. Questioning and testing of rules. A2 Answer the following questions. 1. What is the difference between ‘sequence’ of development and ‘rate’ of development? 2. Why is the difference important? (Ref 1. 2) Q1. What is the difference between a sequence of development and rate of development? Sequence of development is the order in which development occurs, e. g. children are able to sit before they learn to crawl. The order of the sequences in development are always the same (even though there might be some individual differences: babies always learn to move about before standing up and walking, but some babies bottom-shuffle instead of crawling). Rate, on the other hand, is the speed in which individuals go through the stages/ sequences of development. Most children learn to walk when they are about 12 months old. However, some babies might be ready to walk when they are 10 months old and others when they are 15 months old. Individuals might also be developing with different rate in different areas, e. g. some children might be developing quickly physically, but their speech might be delayed. These individual differences are results of genetic predispositions and other biological influences as well as environmental stimulation. Q2. Why is the difference important? Knowing the sequences of development in different areas is important for practitioners to be able to plan accordingly and therefore to support the development in individuals. The rate of the development is important in terms of recognizing any atypical development and recommending/ searching any additional interventions when needed. TASK B Complete table; Research and report B1 Complete a table as shown on the following page, identifying the different personal and external factors that influence children and young people’s development. (Ref 2. 1, 2. 2) B2 Produce a report to demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of differing theories of development. This report should identify how these theories have influenced current practice and include the following: Cognitive (e. g. Piaget) Psychoanalytic (e. g. Freud) Humanist (e. g. Maslow) Social learning (e. g. Bandura) Operant conditioning (e. g. Skinner) Behaviourist (e. g. Watson) Social pedagogy. Over the years there have been many theories trying to explain certain aspects of development, behaviour, learning, etc. In the following text we will look at the most influential theories which are being used by practitioners in better understanding as well as day to day work with children and young people. After a brief description of how an individual theory was founded, we will discuss the key points for work at nurseries. Theory of cognitive development (Constructivist approach) Theory of cognitive development is connected with the name of Jean Piaget (1896-1980) who through work on intelligence tests started to notice how children at same stages make very similar mistakes in their tasks and problem solving approaches. Piaget then closely observed his own children, capturing their development in details and later using these observations to create a theory of cognitive development. Piaget considered children as active learners who create ? schemas? (believes) about the world based on their experiences. This is how they make sense about what is happening around them. However, a child? s schemas are going to be challanged time to time by new and unexpected experiences and as a result existing schema will have to adapted to fit these in (e. g. touching something hot will alter the notion that everything is safe to touch and child will learn that certain objects can hurt when being touched). Piaget? s theory influenced the practice by having a ? child-centred? approach. In our setting, for example, we make regular observations on what our children are interested in and what they like to play/ do. After careful evaluations and identifications of possible next steps of development we plan activities which as well as reflecting children? s interest also further challenge them to encourage the development. Psychoanalytic theory of personality Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) suggested that every personality has got three parts to it – id, ego and superego. We all are born with id, which is the part of our personality that is driven by our desires and reflects in pleasure-seeking behaviour. Id is selfish and passionate and it is purely after satisfying its needs, known as ? gratification?. However, through social contact and learning babies/children gradually learn to be aware of the outside world and eventually of needs of others. They will be developing ego, which is able to plan the actions so the needs of the individual can still be met but in more socially desired way, e. g. ability to wait for once turn when the food is being served at pre-school settings. This is called ? differed gratification?. Later, as a result of further parenting and learning about social and cultural values, the superego is developed. Superego could be described as an internalised parent as the child is starting to be aware of what is good and what is bad without external reminder – e. g. I must not hit because it hurts. If the behaviour trespasses the imperatives of the superego, the individual will feel guilt as they are now aware that their behaviour was bad (this is referred as ? conscience? ). Apart from judging conscience, superego has got a notion of an ego-ideal to which it will strive. When ego demonstrates good behaviour the ego-ideal part of superego will reward this, e. g. feeling good after doing something for someone else even when external praise is not present. Even though Freud has been criticised for basing his description and explanations of development on sexual motives, some of his theoretical concepts are now widely accepted (e. g. the concept of unconscious mind – id and most of superego). One could say that orientation on children? s needs might be partly inspired by Freud? s ideas about the dynamics of id, ego and superego. Too strong superego and suppressed unconscious id will lead to many problems in adult life, where individual tries to live mainly by what is required by the outside world rather than allowing themselves to follow own desires. In early years healthy development of ego can be supported by putting the child and their needs in the centre of our attention; activities and work with children is individualized and child-led, yet still well planned and safe. For example, in our setting we might notice that a particular child enjoys opening and closing doors, gates, etc. Instead of completely discouraging him from doing that we might identify situations when it might be appropriate for him/her to do so and explain the necessary things around it in a child-friendly way (e. g. : When everybody has got their shoes on, you can open the door, Henry. , We will keep the gate closed now, because we are going to play in the yard now. , Mind your fingers when closing the door – you could close them in and that would really hurt. , etc. ). If we say ? no? to children it is good to make sure that the child knows about the reasons behind our decisions (even though they might find it hard initially anyway, they are more likely to come round and understand it in their own time). Humanistic theory of motivation and personality – Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Maslow studied motivation in people and came up with what is now known as Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow divided the needs into five categories (physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualisation) and put them in hierarchical order from the most essential and basic needs to higher-order needs. Maslow argues that it is necessary to fulfil the needs from from the bottom of the hierarchy first to be able to meet the needs of higher order. Only when all the other lower needs are met, an individual can focus on fulfilling the highest needs of self-actualisation, such as creativity, problem solving, morality, etc. In our practice we are aware, that when a child is for example overtired and hungry (the most basic physiological needs), there is no space to try to fit in other things, e. g. ?wait for your turn? , ? say please? ,†¦. (which would be working on their higher order needs, such as love/belonging (friendship) or esteem (respect for others, respect by others). This child at that stage needs to be fed and put to sleep as soon as possible and other input has to wait until the child is again able to tune to it/ receive it. Social cognitive theory Social cognitive theory has its roots in behaviouristic approach. However, Albert Bandura (born 1925), even though accepting learning by conditioning, argued that lots of learning happens through social observations (? observational learning? ). Observational learning is when children copy what other children or adults do; in comparison to conditioning, observational learning happens spontaneously and often without the need for reinforcement. Cognitive abilities seem to play an important role in observational learning as children need to be capable to notice the activity itself as well as remember it accurately. As staff we need to be mindful in the way we act and interact in front of children as they are likely to copy our behaviour. In accordance with the social cognitive theory we try to set good examples to the children in our settings by showing good manners and being courteous to them as well as to one another. Behaviourist approach to learning – operant conditioning Operant conditioning is based on classical conditioning (I. P. Pavlov; J. B. Watson), which teaches that certain behaviour/ reaction can be connected with a stimulus through conditioning, e. g. fear of cats after a bad experience with a cat. F. B. Skinner (1904-1990) however took this a bit further and through experiments mainly with pigeons and rats showed that learning can be strengthen by reinforcements, such as positive reinforcement (praise, sticker, attention, etc. ), negative reinforcement (this is removing something which is negative from the situation so it no longer poses a ? threat? or causes negative emotions and the whole experience becomes more positive, e. g. child does want to play with a toy because it is scared of the noises it makes – by switching the sound off, the child is able to explore the toy) and punishers (negative consequence which is likely to prevent individuals to repeat their behaviour – e. g. touching hot iron). Skinner researched most effective ways to retain the learnt behaviour and he found out that even though continuous positive reinforcement is good at the beginning of the learning, later unpredictable positive reinforcement keeps the learnt behaviour in place for longer period of time. This is because even though the reward comes frequently, we are not sure when it is going to come next and therefore we keep doing the behaviour. At our setting we might be using operant conditioning for example when we are helping a child to potty train. First every sitting on the potty, regardless of results will be rewarded. When the child gets into the habit of sitting on the potty, then only successful potty session will be rewarded with a sticker (however praise for trying when unsuccessful remains). When starting to do regularly this stickers might gradually become praise and sticker will be awarded if the child successfully asks for potty when they need it. Behaviourist approach to learning – Classical conditioning J. B. Watson (1878 – 1958) followed I. P. Pavlov? s work on classical conditioning with animals (dogs salivating when food arrived became then salivating even at the mere sight of the bowl; Pavlov took this further by conditioning completely unrelated food stimulus, such as bell or light, which after regular presence at the mealtimes would later on its own initiate the salivating response in dogs). Watson showed that classical conditioning is possible in humans as well (famous Little Albert experiment, where a baby was conditioned to have fear of rats). Classical conditioning is not really used in practice as a active way of teaching, however its theory can be used for observational purposes (e. g. recognising when sucking thumb signals hunger etc. ). Social pedagogy Social pedagogy is a discipline which brings together theory and practice in order to assure the best and holistic way of supporting children in their development and education. The overall aim of social pedagogy is to give children and young people the best possible chances for their future lives. In accordance with social pedagogy the Early Years Foundation Stage Framework (EYFS) has been devised to capture the development in early years and to help professionals to monitor, plan and support effectively individual development. For better and focused understanding the development has been divided into seven areas, out of which three are recognised as prime areas (Personal, Social and Emotional Development; Communication and Language; Physical Development) and four are described as specific areas of development (Literacy; Mathematics; Understanding the World; Expressive Arts and Design). The support the professionals can provide is differentiated into helpful advice in positive relationship and suggestions for enabling environments. In EYFS we can see influence of Piaget? s work in enabling environments where the focus is predominantly on individual? s own experience. We can also strongly identify the theory of ? zone of proximal development? by Vygotsky (cognitive development) in EYFS as we can easily identify where children are in their development, what is the next developmental stage for them and how we can support this next step. 023 Personal and external factors influencing development B3 Personal Factors: Give ONE explanation of a positive influence on the development of children and young people Health status: given by genetic predispositions as well as environmental factors, such as diet, pollution, stress, etc. If obesity is genetically passed on in the family than healthy diet together with developing positive attitude towards regular exercise will help the child to maintain a good health. Disability: Physical impairment, such as missing or underdeveloped limb Wheel chair together with barrier free environment (e. g. lifts, ramps, low sinks, etc. ) will help to support independence of an individual. Sensory impairment: visual impairments, hearing impairments, death-blindness, When working with individuals with visual impairment, we can use the other senses to compensate and provide necessary stimulation which helps the development, e. g. using special toys/ learning material which uses touch and sound as a mean of gaining information. However, if there is some vision left (which usually there is), the environment can be adjusted by using contrast colours, non-reflective material, good lighting, etc. Learning difficulties: Dyslexia, dyspraxia, dysgraphia, dysortographia, ADHD, ADD Children with ADHD benefit from having a regular routine. Activities needs to be short and well planned with simple and easy to follow instructions. Hands-on activities with regular physical exercise and lots of praise are essential. External Factors: Poverty and deprivation: poor diet, inadequate housing, lack of education, lack of access to play and leisure, low aspirations and expectations Good education can help the individual to break from the poverty and secure them a better brighter future. Family environment/background: neglecting parents, abusive parents, parents with alcohol or other drug-taking problems, ill parents who are not able to provide adequate environment for their children, etc. Parents who are ill and no longer able to fully provide for their children could be provided with carers who would help with the overall smooth running of the household, caring for needs of the disabled parent and the needs of the children, while keeping the family itself together. Personal choices: from certain age children/ young people make some decisions for themselves which can have effect on their development, e. g. taking drugs, changing their diet, etc. To help to prevent drug-taking it is important to support the development of a positive self-image and healthy self-esteem; education and raising awareness of dangers of drug-abuse is also a helpful preventative measure. Looked after/care status: children in residential care, in foster families, in their own family but having care status (they are the responsibility of local authorities). If children are being fostered it is beneficial if siblings can stay together. Education: Educational system, through family itself, through other groups (religious groups, sport groups, hobbies and interests, etc. ) Finding out strengths of an individual (which do not have to necessarily academic) and building upon those to build a healthy self-esteem and recognition of self-worth – this can help to compe with other weaker areas in a positive way. 023 Task C Report Produce a short report in the form of an induction pack for new staff at a setting, covering the following. a. Give two examples of assessment methods that could be used to monitor a child/young person’s development. (Ref 3. 1) b. Give three examples of why sometimes child/young person’s development does not follow the expected pattern. (Ref 3. 2) c. Give one explanation of how disability can impact and affect development. (Ref 3. 3) d. Give three examples of different types of intervention that could promote positive outcomes for the child/young person, where development is not following the expected pattern. (Ref 3. 4) a. In our setting we use several assessment methods to monitor our children? s development. The most used one is a short free description on sticky labels – these capture a specific short observation in a specific area of development (e. g. Physical Development); the date and the identified area/ areas get recorded on the label. This method of recording information is useful for gathering evidence of the progress of development in specific areas and building a developmental profile of an individual child. We also use specific observation sheets, on which we capture a more detailed and complex observation. In the next section on the sheet the observation is evaluated and areas of the development are identified (often more than one). In the last section we identify the next steps for the child and how we can help the child to achieve that. We have two types of observation sheets in our settings following this format – one is purely written observation, the other one is a photo observation sheet. This method of recording and evaluation allows us not only to add to the developmental profile of each child but also to plan effectively to further support the child? s development. b. There are many possible reason why at times the development might not follow the expected pattern. Apart from the most obvious ones, such as disabilities and special learning needs, the development can get affected by external factors, such as environmental reasons, cultural reasons, social reasons; and specific individual reasons, such as emotional reasons, physical reasons and communication difficulties. Environmental reasons: Among environmental reasons which may affect child? s development is for example where and in what conditions a child lives and what type of school they attend. Social reasons: There might be big differences between children in terms of wealth of their families, family status and family structure (big family with strong bonds in comparison to divorced parents with negative mutual relationship), education of parents as well as their ability to tune themselves to the needs of their children – all of these will affect the way children will be developing. Communication skills: Slower developing communication skills have got potential to negatively influence the development in other areas. The inability to effectively express themselves may result in frustrations in children and aggressive behaviour as well as consequently lower literacy skills. Similar effects can be observed in children whose families? language is not the dominant language of the country. If the dominant language is not fully acquired the child may significantly struggle once at school. c. Disability can affect more than one area of development as children can become frustrated and their self-esteem can be lowered. The attitudes of low expectations and stereotyping by others will also have a secondary negative impact on a child? s development. d. There are several ways how difficulties in development can be recognised, monitored and positively supported. Educational establishments will have appointed SENCO, a person who is responsible for identification and organising further support for children with special needs. If appropriate Educational psychologist will be contacted to make a full assessment and recommendations in how to support individuals in education (behavioural problems and learning difficulties). Suggested interventions may be discussed with parents and with learning support assistants and individual educational plan might be written up and followed. If there are any issues with speech and communication, Speech and language therapist will be consulted – the outcomes of the assessment will lead to a specific plan of action, often involving regular contact in which special exercises will be explained, practised and taught to children and their parents/carers/other professionals for them to be able to support the children outside the sessions. If a child? s physical development is affected, physiotherapist can provide help with special exercises and massages to aid the physical development, maximize the range of movement and develop the appropriate movement control. Task D Report Produce a report which explains the following: a. Why is early identification of speech, language or communication delay important for a child/young person’s well-being? (Ref 4. 1) b. What are the potential risks for the child/young person’s well-being if any speech, language or communication delay is not identified early? (Ref 4. 1) c. Analyse the importance of early identification of the potential risks of late recognition to speech, language and communication delays and disorders. (Ref 4. 1) d. Who might be involved in a multi-agency team to support a child/young person’s speech, language and communication development? (Ref 4. 2) e. How, when and why would a multi-agency approach be applied? (Ref 4. 3) f. Give four different examples of play opportunities and describe how you would put them into practice to support the development of a child/young person’s speech, language and communication. (Ref 4. 3) a. Early identification of the language and communication difficulties is important as it can support the development to prevent further (secondary) impact on other areas. Also, as the brains in young children have not finished their development, the earlier we can intervene, the better prospects of success we have. b. Problems in language and communication can have a negative effect on other areas of development, such as cognitive and social development. Children with language and communication difficulties are more likely to struggle at school in learning to read and write, which can have further negative impact not only on other subjects but more importantly on their self-esteem. Children with such problems can become gradually isolated. c. Early identification of the potential risks of late recognition to speech, language and communication delays and disorders is very important in terms of putting the most appropriate interventions in place to support the development and benefit the children? s needs. Well timed and well tailored intervention has got the potential to optimize the development and to minimize potential negative impact for other areas of development. d. In the multi-agency team to support the child with speech, language and communication there will be the child? s GP or a health visitor, who will make a referral to a speech and language specialist. If there is a suspicion that the communication difficulties are connected with learning difficulties Educational Psychologist will be consulted. When it is decided on the type of intervention needed, the parents, the educational setting professionals and the rest of the team should work together in order to implement the chosen intervention in order to meet the needs of the child. e. Multi-agency approach is used when parents and/ or other professionals (such as GP, early years settings, etc. ) have recognised that a child is in need of additional help to aid the development. Different professionals are involved in the assessment of the needs (e. g. GP to assess potential hearing or other impairments) and speech and language therapist devises the best possible individual support. Multi-agency approach brings together different fields of expertise to assure the best possible outcome for the child. f. There are many informal opportunities how children? s communication and language development can be supported. These might often be more effective than formal exercises as they naturally meet the child in they world of play, making it more motivating and fun. Nursery rhymes and songs – Children enjoy joining in nursery rhymes and songs. These are short and memorable and their rhythmical pattern make them perfect little exercises for developing language, pronunciation and fluency (good practice when dealing with stutter). Books are perfect for developing passive and active vocabulary, understanding meaning of words and learning correct sentence structure informally. Books are a wonderful way to spark children? s imagination as well as teaching them to express themselves about the world around them by providing the relevant vocabulary. Pictures in books make it possible for children from the earliest age to actively engage with the story as well as to engage in a dialogue with another person. Dressing up and role play again helps the child in an informal way to engage in talking and communication with others whilst enjoying the imaginative play. Puppets are a fantastic way how to involve children in communication through play. Children are fascinated by puppets and enjoy adults taking active part in their play, which again allows for an opportunity to develop language and communication in a fun way. 023 Task E Complete table Complete the table on the next page, showing how the different types of transitions can affect children and young people’s development and evaluate how having positive relationships during this period of transition would be of benefit. Additional Guidance Different types are: a. Emotional, affected by personal experience, e. g. bereavement, entering/leaving care. b. Physical, e. g. moving to a new educational establishment, a new home/locality, from one activity to another. c. Physiological e. g. puberty, long-term medical conditions. d. Intellectual, e. g. moving from pre-school to primary, to post-primary. (Ref 5. 1, 5. 2) Give ONE specific example of a transition Give ONE possible effect on children and young people’s development Evaluate the benefit of a positive relationship during this period of transition ~ provide ONE example Emotional: Bereavement Depression which may affect sleep pattern, children may become lethargic and less interested in engaging in any activities which may affect they social, emotional and cognitive development Positive relationship with open communication and listening skills allows for a child to ask difficult questions and share their worries and sadness, to talk over difficult memories and anxieties about the future. This may help with overcoming the past and the sadness. Physical: Moving home Moving home may effect the children social development as they may lose previous friends and find themselves unable to fit in new friendship groups. Some children might start having food issues, such as overeating to deal with anxieties. This can affect their emotional, social and physical development. Positive relation can provide a helping hand with dealing with the new situation while supporting the self-esteem and encouraging the confidence in a young person. Positive relationship can also act as model of skills of how to establish a new relationship. Physiological: Gaining a physical disability – e. g. lost limb Withdrawal – children may become very solitary, unable and unwilling to join in with their peers, which can affect their physical, emotional, social as well as cognitive development. Positive relationship will communicate acceptance and healthy support in dealing with a life-changing situation; this should help in dealing with difficulties as they come Intellectual: Moving from pre-school to primary school Lack of concentration and motivation as the child might feel overwhelmed by new routines and new demands which they might find very difficult – this may affect their natural cognitive development and they might regress into safer younger stage of development. Positive relationship will allow for a child to feel safe, valued and as achieving (in their own pace) by identifying the appropriate approach of working with the child with the sensitivity to their specific needs and pace of development.